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Friday, January 17, 2020
How to make baby food
How to make baby food
How To Make Baby Food At Home
Are you curious about making your own baby food but don’t know where to begin?
So your baby is showing all the signs of wanting to eat, and you are excited to get started with baby food making but have NO IDEA how to go about it.
First you need to know what are the “right” foods for your baby’s age and not introduce too many foods at once.
It’s so important to follow a guide and follow the 4-5 day rule so that you know that your baby is ready for those foods.
What happens when you serve your baby foods that he is not ready to eat? The short answer: it can be hard on their digestive system and could be a source of food allergies later on.
How do you know if your baby is ready for solid foods?More than likely, your pediatrician has already suggested introduction of baby cereal or solid foods. If not, some of the signs are:
- The baby is able to sit up with support, reaches and grabs things and tries to put them in her mouth.
- Try to reach the food that it’s on your plate
- Mimics eating with their mouth when you eat
Basic First Foods:*Note, there is no significant difference wether you introduce fruits or cereals first.
- Mashed bananas
- Peaches
- Barley and rice cereal
- Carrots
- Pears
- Squash
- Sweet potatoes
- Apples
- Peas
Food Making Supplies
In recent years, there have been some all-in-one food steamers and blenders that make baby food making a snap. Know, that for hundreds of years people have used traditional methods and things typically found in your kitchen to make baby food. Therefore, you don’t really need any special equipment to make your own food.
In recent years, there have been some all-in-one food steamers and blenders that make baby food making a snap. Know, that for hundreds of years people have used traditional methods and things typically found in your kitchen to make baby food. Therefore, you don’t really need any special equipment to make your own food.
- Pot and a steamer basket, or
- Electric steamer
- Cutting board
- Good knife
- Immersion blender
- Water
- Ice cube trays or small storage cups
- Freezer baggies
- Sharpie Marker
- Organic fruit or vegetables
You have done your research, got all the materials and foods you need so you are ready to get started. The main thing you need to remember is to make your food smooth and thin for those beginner babies and as they get older you can make it a bit thicker and with more texture. To make your food smooth and thin you need to add a little bit of water at a time.
Fruit Purees
***NOTE – If you choose to start feeding your baby before the age of 6mos old you will need to steam all fruits. Steaming or light cooking these foods makes it easier to digest. After the age of 6 months you do not need to good fruits unless it’s a harder fruit such as apples. Also depending on the fruit and how much natural liquid the fruit has in it you may not need to add water. For instance pears have a TON of natural juices so you may not need to add any water.
Directions
- In a pot fill it about 1/3 of the way up and place a steamer inside of the pot.
- Add the fruit and bring to a gentle boil
- Once it starts to boil, turn down to low and let simmer until fork tender
- Remove from heat and place in a glass bowl
- Once cool then with your immersion blender blend until you get the consistently that is right for your baby. Again, you may need to add water to make it smooth enough.
Vegetable Purees
The only other material that you would need when doing vegetables is a baby pan. When steaming you would do the same type of thing as you did for the fruit. When blending this is when you will add water. I suggest using the steam water for extra nutrients and then add additional water if necessary. Remember to always add water a teaspoon at a time so you can control the consistency.
I like to roast many of my vegetables such as sweet potatoes, acorn squash, butternut squash or any type of winter squash. Check out these easy vegetable roasting instructions. Once your fruits and vegetables are made into puree’s then you can spoon that mixture into a BPA FREE ice cube trays
and place into the freezer up to 24 hrs. Place on the counter and let defrost just enough until you can easily take them out. Once all the cubes are out place them into a labeled freezer baggie and put back into the freezer.
Your homemade baby food can last in the freezer for up to 6 months. When serving remember that each ice cube is 1 ounce. Follow the guides as to how much your baby should be eating at their age.
Thursday, January 16, 2020
How to care for poinsettia plants
How to care for poinsettia plants
Selecting and Caring for a Poinsettia
The fiery red plant poinsettia is everywhere at holiday time. Make this classic easy-to-care-for favorite a part of your holiday décor.
The Poinsettia’s Colorful History
The poinsettia is indigenous to a region in Mexico, where they bloom during December, creating crimson mountainsides and growing to heights of 16 feet. The plants delighted the first missionaries to Mexico who included them in their Advent-season ceremonies. Hence, the association with the holidays began. Poinsettias were later introduced to America by botanist and first US Ambassador to Mexico, Joel Poinsett.
Choosing Your Poinsettia
When shopping for a poinsettia, look for:
- Dark green, dense and plentiful foliage.
- Tightly clustered buds to last throughout the holiday season.
- The smallest leaves surrounding the yellow buds to be fully colored. If they're still partially green, your plant will quickly lose its color.
- If the yellow buds in the center of the flower have started to drop off or have already shed pollen (look for tiny yellow grains), the plant isn't fresh.
- Avoid plants with yellow, greenish-white or sagging leaves. Plants with faded, torn or discolored bracts (leaves beneath the flower) aren't the best choice either.
- As with any plant, make sure your poinsettia is free from insects and diseases.
When you have chosen the perfect poinsettia, don't leave it in your car while you continue shopping. An indoor plant that's exposed to cold winds and temperatures below 50 degrees Fahrenheit can be damaged or killed. Get the store to bag the plant, but be sure to remove any wrapping as soon as you get home.
Caring for Your Poinsettia
Poinsettias are easy to care for throughout the holidays. Just follow these simple rules:
- Light: Poinsettias need a minimum of six hours of bright (but not direct) sunlight each day.
- Temperature: These plants prefer temperatures from 65 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit during the day with a drop from 60 to 65 degrees at night. The lower night temperatures help the poinsettias keep their brilliant color. Protect the plants from both cold and hot drafts from outside doors, heat registers or appliances. Never let the plant be exposed to temperatures less than 55 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Water: Poinsettias like moist, but not wet, soil. When the top of the soil becomes dry, add room temperature water to the plant. Allow the water to drain through the pot when watering, and then discard any excess water in the saucer. If the plant's container was wrapped with decorative foil, be sure to remove the foil from the bottom of the container to allow water to drain through the plant.
Overwatering the poinsettia and letting it sit in excess water are common mistakes that will kill the plant. If your poinsettia begins to wilt, too much or too little water could be the culprit. If the plant feels dry, add water immediately. If the container feels heavy and the soil is wet, allow the poinsettia to dry out before watering it again.
Follow these tips after the hustle and bustle of the holidays or when the plant starts to look a little tired (whichever comes first):
- Water less (about once a week) after the blooms and leaves drop or shrivel. The plant needs this rest period after its blooming season.
- Cut back the stems to half their size in March or April. When new growth begins to appear, it's safe to resume a more normal watering and feeding schedule. Use regular houseplant food, and follow the manufacturer's instructions.
- Move the plant outdoors when the outside nighttime temperatures rise above 55 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Provide light but avoid placing it in direct sunlight.
- Plant the poinsettia in the ground, or leave it in the pot if you wish. Repotting may be necessary at the end of summer after the plant has grown. If the poinsettia is planted in the ground, you can expect a shrub-like plant during the summer.
- Pinch back new growth in June, July or August to promote a bushier plant.
Tips to Make Your Poinsettia Bloom
It's somewhat tricky getting your poinsettia to bloom again. When fall temperatures begin to drop, bring the plant indoors. From Oct. 1 to Dec. 1 (or for at least 40 days), a poinsettia will need a strict light/dark regimen to produce color. Provide 13 to 16 hours of complete and uninterrupted darkness daily. At dusk, place the plant in a dark room (or closet) or cover with a box or paper bag. At dawn, move or uncover the plant to allow eight hours of sunlight.
It's a pretty labor-intensive process, but if you're lucky, you'll have a healthy, colorful plant for the holidays.
Poinsettias and Their Poisonous Reputation
Poinsettias aren't poisonous. Ingesting the leaves (it would take a lot) would cause some stomach discomfort (as with eating many other nonfood items). If leaves or stems are eaten, rinse the mouth with water. The sap can be a skin irritant to humans or pets; wash the affected area with soap and water after contact. As with any plant or material, if you experience a severe reaction of any kind, seek medical help promptly.
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
How to name ionic compounds
How to name ionic compounds
How to Name Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds are a type of chemical compound made up of metal cations (positive ions) and non-metal anions (negative ions). To name an ionic compound, you simply need to find the names of the cation and anion present in the compound and make sure to revise the ends of metal names as needed. First, write out the name of the metal, followed by the name of the non-metal with its new ending. As an additional step, you'll need to calculate the charge of the metal ion if you're working with a transition metal.
Method 1 Naming Basic Ionic Compounds
- 1Consult the periodic table of elements. When naming ionic compounds, all of the information you’ll need is on the periodic table. Ionic compounds are formed of a metal (cation) and a non-metal (anion). You can find metals on the left and central sections of the periodic table (e.g., Barium, Radium, and Lead), while you can find non-metals on the right side of the table.
- Anions typically belong to groups 15, 16, or 17 on the periodic table. Most versions of the periodic table will be color coded to indicate which elements are metal and which are non-metal.
- If you don’t have easy access to a copy of the table, access it online at: https://www.ptable.com/.
2Jot down the formula of the ionic compound. Let's say the ionic compound you're working with is NaCl. Use a pen or pencil to write this down on a sheet of paper. Or, if you're working in a classroom, write "NaCl" on the whiteboard.
- This is an example of a basic ionic compound. Basic compounds do not contain transition metals and contain only 2 ions.
3
Write the name of the metal. The first part of an ionic compound is called the "cation," which is a metal. This is the positively charged ion in the compound, and it is always written first in ionic compound formulas. Check the period table to find the name of “Na” if you need to. Na is sodium. So, write sodium.
- Regardless of the kind of ionic compound you’re dealing with, the name of the metal is always written first.
4Add the name of the non-metal with an –ide ending. The second component of an ionic compound is the non-metal anion. Write the non-metal's name with an "-ide" ending. Cl is chlorine. To add the "-ide" ending, just drop the 1 or 2 syllables ("-ine" in this case), and add "-ide" instead. Chlorine becomes chloride.
- This naming principle applies to other anions as well. For example, in an ionic compound, “Phosphorus” becomes “Phosphide” and “Iodine” becomes “Iodide.”
5Combine the cation and anion names. Once you’ve found the names for the 2 components of the ionic compound, you’ve done nearly all of the work. Now you just need to put the parts together. NaCl can be written as sodium chloride.
6Practice naming more simple ionic compounds. Once you've figured out how to name this ionic compound, try naming a few more simple ionic compounds. Memorizing a few common ionic compounds can help you have a better understanding of how to name ionic compounds. Remember that you don’t need to worry about the number of individual ions when naming the compounds. Here are a few more common ionic compounds:
- Li2S = Lithium sulfide
- Ag2S = Silver sulfide
- MgCl2 = Magnesium chloride
Method 2 Naming Ionic Compounds with Transition Metals
1Write down the formula of the ionic compound. For example, let's say you're working with this compound: Fe2O3. Transition metals can be found in the middle of the periodic tables and include metals like Platinum, Gold, and Zirconium. To account for this in the ionic compound’s name, you’ll need to insert a Roman numeral.
- Transition metals take a little more work to name in ionic compounds, since their oxidation numbers (or their charges) are constantly changing.
- 2Find out the charge of the metal. If your metal comes from group 3 (or higher) in the periodic table, you’ll need to figure out its charge. The subscript numeral of the anion that the metal is paired with indicates the charge of a transition metal. Metals will have a positive charge, so in this case, you’ll cross over the 3 from the O3 and write that Fe has a charge of +3.
- You can also do the reverse and write that O has a charge of -2.
- In many high-school- or college-level chemistry assignments, the metal’s charge will be provided for you.
3Name the metal and add a Roman numeral as needed. Consult the periodic table if you need to find out the chemical code for the metal you’re dealing with. Since Fe is iron and it has a charge of +3, you can write down Iron (III).
- Remember to only use the Roman numeral when you're writing out the ionic compound’s name and not when writing the formula.
4Name the non-metal by revising the suffix. Refer to the periodic table if you forget the anion name. Since O is oxygen, you can drop the “–gen” ending and add the "-ide" ending. Call it "oxide."
- Anions always take the –ide suffix. So, you’ll name anions the same regardless of what type of metal they’re paired with in an ionic compound.
5Combine the names to generate the ionic compound name. This part is no different from writing out the name of an ionic compound that doesn’t have a transition metal. Combine the metal and non-metal names (Roman numeral included) to name the ionic compound: Fe2O3 = Iron (III) oxide.
6Use the older naming method instead of Roman numerals. Under the older naming method, you use "-ous" and "-ic" endings for transition metals instead of the Roman numerals. Look at the 2 ionic components of the compound. If the metal has a lower numerical charge than the non-metal, then you add the "-ous" ending. If the metal has a higher charge, then add an "-ic" ending.
- Fe2+ has the lower state than oxygen (Fe3+ has the higher state), so “Fe” becomes ferrous. The name of Fe2+O can also be written as ferrous oxide.
- The terms “ferric” and “ferrous” are both use to refer to ions containing iron, since iron’s symbol is “Fe.”
- 7Don’t use Roman numerals when naming compounds with zinc or silver. The 2 transition metals that do have a definite charge are zinc (Zn) and silver (Ag). So, the charge of the metal in ionic compounds with zinc or silver doesn’t need to be borrowed from the subscript of the anion. Zinc always has a charge of +2 and silver always has a charge of +1.
- This means that you don't have to use Roman numerals or the older naming method in describing those elements.
- Method 3 Naming Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
1Write the formula for the polyatomic ion. Polyatomic ionic compounds will have more than 2 ions in it. In most polyatomic compounds, 1 ion will be metal and the remainder will be non-metals. As always, refer to the periodic table to find the names of each ion. Let's say you're working with the following compound: FeNH4(SO4)2.
2Find the charge of the metal. First, the SO4 ion has a charge of -2. You also know that there are two of these ions because of the “2” below the parenthesis. This ion is called “sulfate” because it’s a combination of oxygen and sulfur. So, 2 x -2 = -4. Then, the NH4, or the ammonium ion, has a charge of +1. You can figure out that it has this positive charge since ammonia itself is neutral, and ammonium contains 1 additional hydrogen molecule. (Ammonium is so-called because it combines 1 nitrogen molecule with 4 hydrogen molecules.) Add -4 and 1 and you get -3. This means that the iron ion, Fe, must have a charge of +3 to make up for it and to make the compound neutral.[14]
- Ionic compounds always have a neutral charge. You can use this information to calculate the metal’s charge.
- SO4 has a charge of -2 since it’s negative without the 2 hydrogen atoms that it had when it existed as sulfuric acid.
3Name the metal ions. The way you write the name will vary based on whether you’re using the newer or older naming method. So, to name the metal ion, either write Iron (III) or ferric.
4Jot down the name of the non-metal ions. Refer to the periodic table to remind yourself that “S” is sulfur. Ammonium is not an element, but occurs when 1 nitrogen ion combines with 4 hydrogen ions. So, you're working with ammonium and sulfate, or ammonium sulfate.
- “Ammonia” becomes “ammonium” when it takes on a positive charge. Ammonia itself is neutrally charged.
5Combine the name of the metal with the names of the non-metals. You can name the compound FeNH4(SO4)2 by writing iron (III) ammonium sulfate.
- If you’re required to use the older naming method for ionic compounds, write ferric ammonium sulfate.
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